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Fouth letter of the Latin alphabet

This article is about the letter of the alphabet. For other uses, see D (disambiguation).

D
D d
(See below)
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Language of origin	Latin language
Phonetic usage	[d] [t] [ɗ] [z~j] [ⁿd] [ɖ]
Unicode codepoint	U+0044, U+0064
Alphabetical position	4 Numerical value: 4
History
Evolution	Δ δ 𐌃 D d
Time period	~-700 to present
Descendants	Ď Dž Dz Đ Ð Ƌ Ꭰ ₫ ∂
Sisters	Д (ד د ܕ) Դ դ Ꭰ Ꮫ ደ
Variations	(Run across below)
Other
Other letters commonly used with	d(10)
Associated numbers	4
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, come across Assistance:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

D, or d, is the quaternary letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is dee (pronounced ), plural dees.^[1]

History

Egyptian hieroglyph door, fish	Phoenician daleth	Greek Delta	Etruscan D	Latin D

The Semitic letter Dāleth may have developed from the logogram for a fish or a door.^[2] In that location are many different Egyptian hieroglyphs that might have inspired this. In Semitic, Aboriginal Greek and Latin, the letter of the alphabet represented /d/; in the Etruscan alphabet the letter was superfluous but still retained (see letter B). The equivalent Greek letter is Delta, Δ.

Architecture

The minuscule (lower-case) grade of 'd' consists of a lower-story left bowl and a stem ascender. Information technology developed past gradual variations on the capital letter (uppercase) course 'D', composed of a stem with a full lobe to the right. In handwriting, it was mutual to start the arc to the left of the vertical stroke, resulting in a serif at the top of the arc. This serif was extended while the rest of the letter of the alphabet was reduced, resulting in an angled stroke and loop. The angled stroke slowly developed into a vertical stroke.

Utilize in writing systems

In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, and in the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨d⟩ generally represents the voiced alveolar or voiced dental plosive /d/. However, in the Vietnamese alphabet, it represents the sound /z/ in northern dialects or /j/ in southern dialects. (See D with stroke and Dz (digraph).) In Fijian it represents a prenasalized stop /nd/.^[3] In some languages where voiceless unaspirated stops contrast with voiceless aspirated stops, ⟨d⟩ represents an unaspirated /t/, while ⟨t⟩ represents an aspirated /tʰ/. Examples of such languages include Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic, Navajo and the Pinyin transliteration of Mandarin.

Other uses

• The Roman numeral D represents the number 500.^[iv]
• D is the grade below C but to a higher place East in the school grading system.
• D is the International vehicle registration code for Germany (see besides .de).
• In Cantonese: Because the lack of Unicode CJK back up in the early on computer system, many Hong Kongers and Singaporeans used the capitalized D to stand for 啲 (lit. a piffling).
• d. is the standard abbreviation for the Penny (British pre-decimal coin) (from Latin: denarius)

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

• Ɖ ɖ : African D
• Ð ð : Latin letter Eth
• D with diacritics: Đ đ Ꟈ ꟈ^[5] Ɗ ɗ Ḋ ḋ Ḍ ḍ Ḑ ḑ Ḓ ḓ Ď ď Ḏ ḏ ᵭ^{[half dozen]} ᶁ^[7] ᶑ^[7]
• IPA-specific symbols related to D: ɖ
• Ꝺ ꝺ : Insular D is used in diverse phonetic contexts^[eight]
• ᴅ ^{D d} : Small majuscule D and various modifier letters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.^[9]
• ȡ : D with curl is used in Sino-Tibetanist linguistics^[10]
• Ƌ ƌ : D with topbar

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• 𐤃 : Semitic letter of the alphabet Dalet, from which the following symbols originally derive
  • Δ δ : Greek letter Delta, from which the following symbols originally derive
    • Ⲇ ⲇ : Coptic letter of the alphabet Delta
    • Д д : Cyrillic letter De
    • 𐌃 : Old Italic D, the antecedent of modern Latin D
      • ᛞ : Runic letter dagaz, which is possibly a descendant of Former Italic D
      • ᚦ Runic letter thurisaz, another possible descendant of Onetime Italic D
    • 𐌳 : Gothic letter daaz, which derives from Greek Delta

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

• ₫ : Đồng sign
• ∂ : the partial derivative symbol, ${\displaystyle \fractional }$

Computing codes

Character data

Preview	D		d
Unicode proper noun	LATIN CAPITAL Letter D		LATIN Small LETTER D
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	68	U+0044	100	U+0064
UTF-8	68	44	100	64
Numeric character reference	D	D	d	d
EBCDIC family	196	C4	132	84
ASCII i	68	44	100	64

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'd' is indicated by signing with the right hand held with the index and pollex extended and slightly curved, and the tip of the pollex and finger held against the extended index of the left manus.

References

1. ^ "D" Oxford English Lexicon, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster'southward Third New International Dictionary of the English, Unabridged (1993); "dee", op. cit.
2. ^ "The alphabetic character D". issuu . Retrieved 2021-07-06 .
3. ^ Lynch, John (1998). Pacific languages: an introduction. University of Hawaii Press. p. 97. ISBN0-8248-1898-9.
4. ^ Gordon, Arthur Due east. (1983). Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy . University of California Printing. pp. 44. ISBN9780520038981 . Retrieved 3 October 2015. roman numerals.
5. ^ Everson, Michael; Lilley, Chris (2019-05-26). "L2/19-179: Proposal for the add-on of four Latin characters for Gaulish" (PDF).
6. ^ Constable, Peter (2003-09-30). "L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Heart Tilde in the UCS" (PDF).
7. ^ ^{a b} Constable, Peter (2004-04-xix). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add together boosted phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
8. ^ Everson, Michael (2006-08-06). "L2/06-266: Proposal to add together Latin messages and a Greek symbol to the UCS" (PDF).
9. ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-xx). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
10. ^ Cook, Richard; Everson, Michael (2001-09-20). "L2/01-347: Proposal to add together vi phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to D.

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